भारतीय औद्योगिक संबंध ढांचे में सामूहिक सौदेबाजी (collective bargaining) को क्यों महत्वपूर्ण माना जाता है?

Arrange the following stages of the Collective Bargaining process in their correct chronological sequence: A. Ratification by the union membership B. Negotiation through formal meetings C. Administration and implementation of the agreement D. Preparation of negotiating positions E. Management of deadlocks or impasses Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: Distributive bargaining operates as a zero-sum competition where whatever the union gains, management loses. Reason R: Integrative bargaining relies on a traditional adversarial model because the interests of the negotiating parties are entirely opposed. In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: