निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी कक्षा की गतिविधियाँ रचनावादी (रचनात्मक) शिक्षण-अधिगम प्रक्रियाओं को सुगम बनाती हैं? A. छात्र कक्षा की समस्याओं के समाधान खोजने में पहल करते हैं। B. कक्षा में केवल पाठ्यपुस्तकों का ही उपयोग शिक्षण-अधिगम सामग्री के रूप में किया जाता है। C. छात्रों से अपने शब्दों और प्रासंगिक उदाहरणों से उत्तर देने की अपेक्षा की जाती है। D. मूल्यांकन गतिविधियाँ मुख्य रूप से बोर्ड परीक्षा के पैटर्न पर केंद्रित होती हैं। सही विकल्प चुनिए।

The rotation and revolution of the Earth form the foundation of physical geography. Rotation explains the cycle of day and night, while revolution and axial tilt lead to seasonal changes. Teachers frequently use globes, flashlights, and shadow-tracking activities to help students explore how the Sun's apparent movement changes through the year. Such classroom discourse encourages learners to construct explanations from observations rather than memorized definitions. Latitude and longitude also help students understand global location and standard time zones. These concepts become clearer when supported through inquiry tasks like locating cities and comparing their daylight hours. Which of the following statements about teaching Earth's motions effectively are correct? 1. Using globes with an inclined axis helps students understand seasonal change. 2. Students should not use observational activities as they cause misconceptions. 3. Comparing sunrise times across latitudes builds critical thinking. 4. Only textbook definitions should be used for explaining revolution.

In a lesson on river systems, a teacher shows satellite images of a major river and asks students to trace its course, identify tributaries, and observe meanders. Students compare these images with textbook diagrams and note differences. She evaluates not just their final maps but also their reasoning, evidence use, and explanation process as they analyze the river's physical features. Assertion (A): Evaluating students' explanations of river features strengthens conceptual learning. Reason (R): Geography understanding improves when evaluation focuses on the process of reasoning using evidence.