निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा प्रश्न छात्रों के बीच 'मूल्यांकन क्षमता' (evaluative competency) का आकलन करता है? A. 16वीं शताब्दी के दौरान व्यापारियों को किन समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ा था? क्या आपको लगता है कि इनमें से कुछ समस्याएं आज भी बनी हुई हैं? B. सार्वजनिक वितरण प्रणाली (PDS) क्या है? यह भारत की खाद्य सुरक्षा कैसे सुनिश्चित करती है? C. सार्वजनिक सुविधाएं क्या हैं? अपने इलाके में उपलब्ध सार्वजनिक सुविधाओं के कुछ उदाहरण सूचीबद्ध कीजिए। D. क्या आपको लगता है कि सरकार के लिए सभी को स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएं प्रदान करना आवश्यक है? क्यों? सही विकल्प का चयन कीजिए:

The rotation and revolution of the Earth form the foundation of physical geography. Rotation explains the cycle of day and night, while revolution and axial tilt lead to seasonal changes. Teachers frequently use globes, flashlights, and shadow-tracking activities to help students explore how the Sun's apparent movement changes through the year. Such classroom discourse encourages learners to construct explanations from observations rather than memorized definitions. Latitude and longitude also help students understand global location and standard time zones. These concepts become clearer when supported through inquiry tasks like locating cities and comparing their daylight hours. Which of the following statements about teaching Earth's motions effectively are correct? 1. Using globes with an inclined axis helps students understand seasonal change. 2. Students should not use observational activities as they cause misconceptions. 3. Comparing sunrise times across latitudes builds critical thinking. 4. Only textbook definitions should be used for explaining revolution.

In a lesson on river systems, a teacher shows satellite images of a major river and asks students to trace its course, identify tributaries, and observe meanders. Students compare these images with textbook diagrams and note differences. She evaluates not just their final maps but also their reasoning, evidence use, and explanation process as they analyze the river's physical features. Assertion (A): Evaluating students' explanations of river features strengthens conceptual learning. Reason (R): Geography understanding improves when evaluation focuses on the process of reasoning using evidence.