कथन I: गद्दी चरवाहे अपनी सर्दियाँ शिवालिक श्रेणी की निचली पहाड़ियों में बिताते थे। कथन II: अप्रैल तक, वे लाहौल और स्पीति में गर्मियां बिताने के लिए उत्तर की ओर चले जाते थे।

How did pastoralists adapt to changes brought by the modern world? (I) Some pastoralists reduced the number of cattle they owned. (II) Some pastoralists discovered new pastures in different directions. (III) Richer pastoralists bought land and settled down as peasants. (IV) Some pastoralists combined pastoralism with trade or wage labour.

What were the consequences of the shortage of pastures under colonial rule? (I) Remaining grazing lands were subjected to continuous and intensive grazing. (II) The overall quality of pastures deteriorated over time. (III) Large numbers of underfed cattle died during famines and droughts. (IV) Pastoralists deliberately increased the size of their herds to overcome pasture shortages.