Which of the following statements correctly characterize Organizational Behavior (OB) in contrast to Human Resource Management (HRM)? I. OB is an interdisciplinary field drawing from psychology and sociology to understand workplace behavior. II. The theoretical scope of OB focuses specifically on individual and group behavior dynamics in organizations. III. OB focuses on routine administrative tasks like payroll, recruitment, and legal compliance. IV. OB applies social science research to address behavioral issues in organizations. Choose the correct option:

Which organisational barrier to goal achievement most directly exemplifies the principal-agent problem in management theory — where individual incentive structures diverge from organisational objectives?

Match the elements of Vroom's Expectancy Theory in LIST-I with their defining behavioral beliefs in LIST-II: LIST-I (Element) A. Expectancy (E) B. Instrumentality (I) C. Valence (V) D. Motivation LIST-II (Behavioral Belief/Relationship) I. Belief that successful performance will result in obtaining specific rewards II. Comprehensive product of E, I, and V that drives goal-oriented behavior III. Belief that effort exerted will directly lead to a specific performance level IV. Personal importance or value assigned to an outcome Choose the correct answer from the options given below: