Which of the following are essential characteristics of the middle term (hetu) according to classical Indian logicians? (A) It must be present in the minor term (paksha). (B) It must be present in all positive instances (sapaksha) in which the major term is present. (C) It must be absent in all negative instances (vipaksha) in which the major term is absent. (D) It must be incompatible with the minor term. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): As per the classical Indian school of logic, the argument 'the sky-lotus is fragrant, because it is a lotus, like the lotus of a lake' is fallacious. Reason (R): In the above argument, the fallacy committed is Ashrayasiddha (unreal locus) because the subject (sky-lotus) is unreal. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

In Indian logic, the term 'Hetvabhasa' refers to which of the following?