Given below are two statements: Statement I: For the Indian thinkers, inference (anumāna) means only a syllogistic inference based on the relation of invariable concomitance between middle term and major term. Statement II: There should be absence of the middle term wherever there is an absence of the major term. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): As per the classical Indian school of logic, the argument 'the sky-lotus is fragrant, because it is a lotus, like the lotus of a lake' is fallacious. Reason (R): In the above argument, the fallacy committed is Ashrayasiddha (unreal locus) because the subject (sky-lotus) is unreal. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

In Indian logic, the term 'Hetvabhasa' refers to which of the following?