Responding to Heinz Dilemma, Roohi says, 'stealing the drug is wrong under any circumstance because it is wrong to steal'. According to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, Roohi is at:

An 11-year-old faces a dilemma: return a lost wallet or keep it. The child reasons that returning it is right because 'if I lost something, I would want someone to do the same for me.' Which moral concept is most evident in this child's thinking?

Critics argue that Kohlberg's theory of moral development may not be universally applicable across all cultures because it places a higher emphasis on an ____________ orientation rather than a ____________ orientation.