General Studies · Evolution of Human Resource Management

Consider the following statements regarding the Traditional or Personnel Perspective of Human Resource Management: I. It represents the earliest approach to HRM, focusing on administrative functions such as record-keeping and legal compliance. II. It adopts a proactive orientation, anticipating future needs rather than taking action only after problems arise. III. The role of personnel managers is largely clerical and routine-oriented, concerned with implementing rather than shaping organisational policies. IV. Employees are treated primarily as cost factors, decision-making is centralised, and participation is limited. Which of the statements given above are correct?