Consider the following Assertion (A) and Reason (R): Assertion (A): The objective of teaching social studies at the primary stage is to critically examine social and economic issues and challenges like poverty, child labour, destitution, illiteracy, and inequality. Reasoning (R): Social studies enable children to understand the society in which they live, how society is structured and governed, and the forces seeking to transform it. Choose the correct option:

The rotation and revolution of the Earth form the foundation of physical geography. Rotation explains the cycle of day and night, while revolution and axial tilt lead to seasonal changes. Teachers frequently use globes, flashlights, and shadow-tracking activities to help students explore how the Sun's apparent movement changes through the year. Such classroom discourse encourages learners to construct explanations from observations rather than memorized definitions. Latitude and longitude also help students understand global location and standard time zones. These concepts become clearer when supported through inquiry tasks like locating cities and comparing their daylight hours. Which of the following statements about teaching Earth's motions effectively are correct? 1. Using globes with an inclined axis helps students understand seasonal change. 2. Students should not use observational activities as they cause misconceptions. 3. Comparing sunrise times across latitudes builds critical thinking. 4. Only textbook definitions should be used for explaining revolution.

In a lesson on river systems, a teacher shows satellite images of a major river and asks students to trace its course, identify tributaries, and observe meanders. Students compare these images with textbook diagrams and note differences. She evaluates not just their final maps but also their reasoning, evidence use, and explanation process as they analyze the river's physical features. Assertion (A): Evaluating students' explanations of river features strengthens conceptual learning. Reason (R): Geography understanding improves when evaluation focuses on the process of reasoning using evidence.