An oven-dried soil sample of mass 180 g was put inside a pycnometer, which was then filled with distilled water. The combined mass of the pycnometer, soil, and water was 1464 g. The mass of the pycnometer completely filled with water alone was 1355 g. Calculate the specific gravity (G) of the soil solids.

A soil yields a maximum dry density of 1.6 g/cm3 at an optimum moisture content (OMC) of 18% during a standard Proctor test. If the specific gravity G = 2.62, find the void ratio and degree of saturation.

A stratified soil deposit consists of three layers with permeabilities k1 = k, k2 = 2k, and k3 = 3k, and thickness values H1 = h, H2 = 2h, and H3 = 3h respectively. Find the ratio of equivalent permeability in the horizontal direction to that in the vertical direction (kH / kV).