सामाजिक परिवेश के अंतर्गत 'निर्देशात्मक पाड़' (Instructional Scaffolding) की अवधारणा प्रमुख रूप से किस मनोवैज्ञानिक से जुड़ी हुई है?

In a classroom, a teacher repeatedly pairs a particular sound with handing out homework. Over time, students react to the sound with disappointment even before homework is given. Which learning theory best explains this scenario?

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, in which stage is the conditioned response (CR) elicited directly by the conditioned stimulus (CS)?