सही संयोजन खोजने के लिए सूची I (अनुसंधान के चरण) को सूची II (आवश्यक सावधानियां) के साथ सुमेलित करें: सूची I: A. समस्या का सूत्रीकरण (Problem formulation) B. परिकल्पना निर्माण (Hypothesis making) C. अनुसंधान अभिकल्प (Research design) D. प्रदत्त विश्लेषण (Data analysis) सूची II: 1. प्रयुक्त तकनीकों की उपयुक्तता 2. आंतरिक वैधता को बेहतर ढंग से सुनिश्चित करना 3. संबंधित चरों का स्पष्ट लेबलिंग 4. साक्ष्यों के संदर्भ में केंद्रित मुद्दे

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Though ex-post facto research examines cause and effect relationships, it is not part of experimental research. Reason (R): In ex-post facto research, the effect or change in the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): In non-probability sampling, the units are selected at the discretion of the researcher. Reason (R): Non-probability samples do not require a sampling frame. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: