सही विकल्प से रिक्त स्थान भरें। ________ अनुसंधान से तात्पर्य एक ऐसे शोध से है जो अध्ययन किए जा रहे सामाजिक समूहों के सदस्यों के दृष्टिकोण और अंतःक्रियाओं को गंभीरता से लेता है। यह इस आधार पर आधारित है कि सामाजिक वास्तविकता को उन नियमों के माध्यम से समझा जा सकता है जो समूह के सदस्यों के बीच संबंधों को संचरित करते हैं।

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Though ex-post facto research examines cause and effect relationships, it is not part of experimental research. Reason (R): In ex-post facto research, the effect or change in the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): In non-probability sampling, the units are selected at the discretion of the researcher. Reason (R): Non-probability samples do not require a sampling frame. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: