सरकारी व्यय के कारण उत्पन्न होने वाले 'क्राउडिंग-आउट प्रभाव' (Crowding-out effect) का परिमाण किस पर निर्भर करता है? 1. निजी क्षेत्र के व्यय/निवेश मांग की ब्याज दर के प्रति संवेदनशीलता 2. सरकारी व्यय में वृद्धि के कारण ब्याज दर में होने वाले परिवर्तन की संवेदनशीलता

Given below are two statements: Assertion (A): A higher fiscal deficit can stimulate economic growth during recession. Reason (R): Fiscal expansion increases aggregate demand through multiplier effect. Choose the correct answer:

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the Ricardo-Barro equivalence effect? 1. Taxpayers save in anticipation of future taxes, which tends to offset debt-financed government spending. 2. When a government tries to stimulate the economy by increasing debt-financed spending, aggregate demand remains largely unchanged. 3. Deficit spending by government permanently increases aggregate demand.