समताप मंडल (stratosphere) में ओजोन द्वारा UV विकिरण का अवशोषण लगभग किस तरंगदैर्घ्य पर अधिकतम होता है?

Prolonged exposure to extreme cold temperatures may result in tissue damage known as frostbite, which is categorized as a:

In the context of ecosystem energy dynamics, which of the following expressions correctly defines Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?