विपणन (Marketing) अवधारणाओं के अनुसार, निम्नलिखित में से कौन से उत्पाद जीवन चक्र (PLC) के स्वीकृत गैर-पारंपरिक या वैकल्पिक रूप हैं? A. घंटी के आकार का (Bell-shaped) PLC B. सोपानी (Scalloped) PLC C. चक्र-पुनर्चक्र (Cycle-Recycle) PLC D. वृद्धि-मंदी (Growth-Slump) PLC नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Brand equity enables firms to charge premium prices and build long-term customer loyalty. Reason (R): Brand equity is developed only through extensive advertising expenditure by the firm. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

If a chipmaker offers PC manufacturers a 2.5% discount for settling their bill within 7 days instead of the standard 30 days, the chipmaker is providing a: