वर्गीकृत चर (categorical variables) के लिए माप के किस पैमाने का उपयोग किया जाता है, जिसमें ऐसे स्कोर या लेबल दिए जाते हैं जो बिना किसी मात्रात्मक मूल्य के श्रेणियों का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं?

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Though ex-post facto research examines cause and effect relationships, it is not part of experimental research. Reason (R): In ex-post facto research, the effect or change in the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): In non-probability sampling, the units are selected at the discretion of the researcher. Reason (R): Non-probability samples do not require a sampling frame. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: