लोक प्रशासन के इन दृष्टिकोणों/विचारों में से किसे सबसे पुराना माना जाता है?

In which country was Public Administration first introduced and established as a separate academic discipline?

According to scholars tracking the evolution of Public Administration, which of the following is NOT typically considered a factor complicating the discipline's smooth transition into a well-defined profession?