यदि प्राकृतिक ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव अनुपस्थित होता, तो पृथ्वी की सतह के तापमान में लगभग कितनी कमी आती?

Prolonged exposure to extreme cold temperatures may result in tissue damage known as frostbite, which is categorized as a:

In the context of ecosystem energy dynamics, which of the following expressions correctly defines Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?