यदि चेन्नई (औसत समुद्र तल से 7 मीटर ऊपर) का तापमान 34°C है, तो सामान्य ह्रास दर (normal lapse rate - 6.5°C प्रति 1000 मीटर) का उपयोग करके कोडाइकनाल (औसत समुद्र तल से 2007 मीटर ऊपर) के अनुमानित तापमान की गणना करें।

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: The magnitude of the moist adiabatic lapse rate is always less than that of the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Reason R: The rate of change of the saturation vapor pressure with temperature is always negative. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

The significant convective transfer of thermal energy and vertical mixing within Earth's atmosphere is predominantly confined to the: