'यदि कोई श्रेष्ठ पांच अधीनस्थों में छठा अधीनस्थ जोड़ता है, तो उसे केवल 23 प्रतिशत अधिक सहायता मिलेगी, लेकिन पर्यवेक्षण की जटिलता में 100% से अधिक की वृद्धि होगी'। नियंत्रण के क्षेत्र (span of control) के संबंध में यह कथन किसने दिया था?

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Testbook Assertion A: A wider span of control is achievable in administrative units where subordinates possess high levels of training and experience. Testbook Reason R: The requirement for intensive, direct supervision decreases when the supervised personnel are competent and skilled in their assigned tasks. Testbook In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Which of the following statements regarding the factors and principles of the Span of Control are CORRECT? I. The span of control is influenced by the personality of the supervisor, expanding when the leader is intelligent, energetic, and tactful. II. V.A. Graicunas identified that the total number of supervised relationships can be mathematically expressed as n(2n / 2 + n - 1). III. The growing role of specialists, technicians, and professionals within the civil service has contributed to the evolution of the span of control in recent times. IV. The principle of span of control is exclusively defined by the number of human subordinates and excludes the count of units of work. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: