यदि कोई वायु पार्सल (air parcel) उसमें पानी के वाष्पीकरण के माध्यम से स्थिर दाब पर तब तक ठंडा होता है जब तक कि वह संतृप्ति (saturation) तक न पहुँच जाए, तो प्राप्त तापमान को क्या कहा जाता है?

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: The magnitude of the moist adiabatic lapse rate is always less than that of the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Reason R: The rate of change of the saturation vapor pressure with temperature is always negative. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

The significant convective transfer of thermal energy and vertical mixing within Earth's atmosphere is predominantly confined to the: