मृदा रहित नए उजागर हुए भू-भागों, जैसे ज्वालामुखी चट्टान या रेत के टीलों पर कौन सी क्रमिक पारिस्थितिकी प्रक्रिया घटित होती है?

Which term describes the theoretical, stable, and mature ecological community that ultimately develops at the final stage of succession in the absence of external disturbances?

Which type of ecological succession is primarily driven by external environmental or geological forces, such as volcanic eruptions or flooding, that alter the existing habitat?