मापे गए चरों और उनके परिणामों के बीच रैखिक संबंध को एक सीधी रेखा के रूप में इस प्रकार व्यक्त किया जाता है:

Which of the following statements regarding the bootstrapping method in statistical inference are correct? 1. It involves repeated resampling with replacement. 2. It does not rely on strict parametric assumptions about the population distribution. 3. It is applicable exclusively to non-metric data. 4. It relies on the observed sample data to estimate standard errors.

The statistical variability in dependent variable scores caused by extraneous variables other than the independent variable is termed as: