प्रत्यक्षज्ञान के शीर्ष-पाद (Top-down) सिद्धांत मुख्य रूप से किस पर बल देते हैं? 1. प्राप्त संवेदी जानकारी से परे वास्तविकता का निर्माण 2. पूर्व ज्ञान, अपेक्षाएं, अभिवृत्तियां और संज्ञानात्मक रणनीतियां 3. ग्राही अंगों के माध्यम से सीधे प्राप्त कच्ची संवेदी जानकारी 4. संवेदनाओं के माध्यम से उपलब्ध पर्यावरणीय डेटा

Match the informal heuristics in LIST-I with their corresponding definitions in LIST-II: LIST-I (Informal Heuristic) A. Availability Heuristic B. Representativeness Heuristic C. Peak-End Rule D. Scarcity Heuristic LIST-II (Definition) I. Judging an experience based on its most intense point and its conclusion. II. Placing higher value on objects that are perceived as rare or difficult to obtain. III. Relying on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a topic. IV. Making judgments by comparing an event to an existing prototype or stereotype. Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Who introduced the term 'metacognition' in the late 1970s, defining it as 'thinking about thinking'?