परीक्षण-पुनर्परीक्षण (test-retest), अर्ध-विभाजन (split-half), समतुल्य/समानांतर रूप (equivalent/parallel form) और तर्कसंगत तुल्यता (rational equivalence) विधियों का उपयोग मुख्य रूप से किसके मूल्यांकन के लिए किया जाता है?

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Though ex-post facto research examines cause and effect relationships, it is not part of experimental research. Reason (R): In ex-post facto research, the effect or change in the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): In non-probability sampling, the units are selected at the discretion of the researcher. Reason (R): Non-probability samples do not require a sampling frame. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: