परक्राम्य लिखत अधिनियम, 1881 की धारा 118 के तहत, प्रत्येक परक्राम्य लिखत के प्रतिफल (consideration) के संबंध में प्रारंभिक कानूनी धारणा क्या है?

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: A Protest certificate strengthens the holder's position in legal proceedings and is often required for foreign bills of exchange to be eligible for recourse. Reason R: The Notary Public formally declares the dishonor of the instrument and records the details in a protest certificate, which serves as conclusive evidence of dishonor. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: The process of Noting automatically discharges the negotiable instrument and frees the drawer from any liability to compensate the holder. Reason R: Noting is a process where a Notary Public or authorized official officially records the factual details of a negotiable instrument's dishonor. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: