नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं: कथन I: व्यावहारिक अनुसंधान (Applied research) मुख्य रूप से सामान्यीकरण और सिद्धांत के निर्माण से संबंधित होता है। कथन II: मौलिक अनुसंधान (Fundamental research) का उद्देश्य समाज के सामने आने वाली किसी तात्कालिक समस्या का समाधान खोजना होता है। उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, सबसे उपयुक्त उत्तर का चयन कीजिए:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Though ex-post facto research examines cause and effect relationships, it is not part of experimental research. Reason (R): In ex-post facto research, the effect or change in the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): In non-probability sampling, the units are selected at the discretion of the researcher. Reason (R): Non-probability samples do not require a sampling frame. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: