नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं: कथन I: वह प्रतिचयन (Sampling) जहाँ जनसंख्या के प्रत्येक सदस्य को एक से अधिक बार नहीं चुना जा सकता है, 'प्रतिस्थापन के साथ प्रतिचयन' (sampling with replacement) कहलाता है। कथन II: वह प्रतिचयन जहाँ जनसंख्या के प्रत्येक सदस्य को एक से अधिक बार चुना जा सकता है, 'प्रतिस्थापन के बिना प्रतिचयन' (sampling without replacement) कहलाता है। उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Though ex-post facto research examines cause and effect relationships, it is not part of experimental research. Reason (R): In ex-post facto research, the effect or change in the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): In non-probability sampling, the units are selected at the discretion of the researcher. Reason (R): Non-probability samples do not require a sampling frame. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: