नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं: कथन I: एक मिथ्या संबंध (Spurious relationship) तब हो सकता है जब दो चरों के बीच एक सांख्यिकीय संबंध प्रतीत होता है लेकिन वास्तव में वह किसी तीसरे चर द्वारा संचालित होता है। कथन II: दो चरों के बीच का संबंध हमेशा प्रत्यक्ष होता है, जिसमें किसी मध्यवर्ती चर (intervening variable) की कोई गुंजाइश नहीं होती है। उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, सबसे उपयुक्त उत्तर का चयन कीजिए:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Though ex-post facto research examines cause and effect relationships, it is not part of experimental research. Reason (R): In ex-post facto research, the effect or change in the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labeled as Assertion (A) and the other is labeled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): In non-probability sampling, the units are selected at the discretion of the researcher. Reason (R): Non-probability samples do not require a sampling frame. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: