निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी औपचारिक प्रशिक्षण (formal training) की तकनीक नहीं है?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a promotion system based purely on seniority?

Who described the position classification plan as the 'foundation of a job-oriented career system'?

Assertion (A): The Civil Service, through which the will of the state is realized and executed, has been an integral part of modern government. Reason (R): Civil Service consists of a professional body of government officers who are recruited openly on the basis of competitive examinations and who function on the basis of laws, rules, and regulations.