निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा शिक्षा में 'सिस्टम एप्रोच' (प्रणाली उपागम) का मूल घटक नहीं है?

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): Assertion (A): E-learning facilitates learner autonomy and flexibility in time and pace. Reason (R): E-learning eliminates the need for instructional design and pedagogical planning. Select the correct answer from the options given below:

________ inspired hardware approaches to instructional technology.