निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा कथन 'अधिगम के लिए आकलन' (Assessment for Learning) रणनीतियों को दर्शाता है?

Assessment for learning includes: (i) Assessment before, during, and after teaching-learning (ii) Self-assessment by learners (iii) Formal as well as informal procedures (iv) Feedback for students and adjustment of the teaching-learning process

Assessment ______ learning influences learning by reinforcing the _____ between assessment and instruction.