निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा अनुदेशात्मक डिज़ाइन के 'ASSURE' मॉडल का एक चरण नहीं है?

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): Assertion (A): E-learning facilitates learner autonomy and flexibility in time and pace. Reason (R): E-learning eliminates the need for instructional design and pedagogical planning. Select the correct answer from the options given below:

________ inspired hardware approaches to instructional technology.