निम्नलिखित में से किन घटकों को आमतौर पर मुद्रास्फीति (inflation) का अस्थिर (volatile) घटक माना जाता है?

Cost-push inflation is primarily caused by:

Inflation calculated by excluding volatile items such as food and energy prices is known as:

Consider the following statements about Shrinkflation: (i) It is the practice of reducing the size or quantity of a product while maintaining its sticker price. (ii) Shrinkflation makes it harder to measure price changes or inflation accurately. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?