जबकि हरित जलवायु कोष (GCF) को आधिकारिक तौर पर 2010 के कानकुन शिखर सम्मेलन के दौरान स्थापित किया गया था, इसके विचार के संबंध में प्रारंभिक औपचारिक प्रस्ताव और बातचीत किस शिखर सम्मेलन में शुरू हुई थी?

Which of the following statements are NOT true in relation to methods of environmental valuation? a) Contingent valuation method is one of the methods of environmental valuation. b) Contingent valuation method is a direct method of environmental valuation. c) Contingent valuation method is an indirect method of environmental valuation. d) Travel cost method is a direct method of environmental valuation.

Given below are two statements, one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): Assertion (A): According to Hardin's 'Tragedy of the Commons' model, open-access resources are overexploited by the public. Reason (R): In the case of open-access resource usage, marginal private benefit exceeds marginal private cost. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: