जब किसी परिवार की आय बुनियादी जीवन स्तर (जैसे भोजन, आश्रय और कपड़े) को बनाए रखने के लिए आवश्यक राशि से नीचे गिर जाती है, तो उसे ______ कहा जाता है।

People who are always poor and the people who are usually poor but may sometimes have a little more money (example: casual workers) are grouped together as __________.

Who among the following was the first individual to attempt a systematic estimation of the poverty line in pre-independence India?