जब एक शिक्षार्थी नई जानकारी का सामना करता है जिसे उसके मौजूदा मानसिक ढांचे (schemas) में आसानी से शामिल नहीं किया जा सकता है, और इसलिए उसे अपनी वर्तमान समझ को समायोजित करना पड़ता है, तो पियाजे के अनुसार मुख्य रूप से कौन सी संज्ञानात्मक प्रक्रिया कार्य कर रही होती है?

Assertion (A): Vygotsky's concept of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) highlights the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance. Reason (R): Vygotsky believed that learning precedes development and that social interaction is fundamental to cognitive development.

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following statements characterize the development of thinking in children? (J) Children actively construct knowledge based on their experiences and interactions with the environment. (K) Children are born with adult-like thinking configurations. (L) Cognitive development unfolds in a series of distinct, gradual stages. (M) The development of language and social interaction is the foundational driver of cognitive stages.