कैप-एंड-ट्रेड प्रणाली के संबंध में निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए: A. सरकार उत्सर्जन कैप (सीमा) तय करती है। B. परमिट फर्मों के बीच व्यापार योग्य होते हैं। C. यह लागत प्रभावी प्रदूषण कमी सुनिश्चित करता है। D. यह सीधे प्रदूषण की कीमत तय करता है। उपर्युक्त में से कौन-से सही हैं?

Which of the following statements are NOT true in relation to methods of environmental valuation? a) Contingent valuation method is one of the methods of environmental valuation. b) Contingent valuation method is a direct method of environmental valuation. c) Contingent valuation method is an indirect method of environmental valuation. d) Travel cost method is a direct method of environmental valuation.

Given below are two statements, one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): Assertion (A): According to Hardin's 'Tragedy of the Commons' model, open-access resources are overexploited by the public. Reason (R): In the case of open-access resource usage, marginal private benefit exceeds marginal private cost. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: