किसी दी गई समस्या के समाधान पर पहुँचने के लिए वैसी ही समान समस्याओं का संदर्भ लेने को क्या कहा जाता है?

Which of the following hinders the process of effective problem solving?

Ravi repairs appliances by testing hypotheses about the cause of the malfunction based on his experiences with the symptoms. He uses ______.