किस मनोवैज्ञानिक ने दृढ़ता से यह विचार व्यक्त किया था कि 'सामूहिक एकालाप' (Collective Monologue) छोटे बच्चों में अहंकेंद्रित वाक (egocentric speech) का सूचक है और इसे बढ़ावा देता है?

A child angrily hits a playmate at school in the exact same manner he/she has been punished at home. This type of behavior is best explained by which psychological concept?

Given below are two statements: Assertion A: Constructivism represents a view that emphasizes the active role of the learner in building, understanding, and making sense of information. Reason R: Behaviorism represents a view that emphasizes the role of external environmental stimuli in acquiring and shaping behavior, rather than active cognitive processing by the learner. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer: