किस प्रकार के अनुबंधन (conditioning) में स्वैच्छिक व्यवहार को उसके बाद मिलने वाले परिणामों के आधार पर संशोधित, सुदृढ़ या कमजोर किया जाता है?

In a classroom, a teacher repeatedly pairs a particular sound with handing out homework. Over time, students react to the sound with disappointment even before homework is given. Which learning theory best explains this scenario?

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, in which stage is the conditioned response (CR) elicited directly by the conditioned stimulus (CS)?