काल श्रेणी (Time Series) के विघटन (Decomposing) का अर्थ ऐतिहासिक आंकड़ों को किन घटकों में विभाजित करना है?

If the trend line with 2008 as origin is Y = 20.6 + 1.68X, then the trend line with 2004 as origin is:

In a Moving Average (MA) Process, the time series variable is expressed in terms of:

A Unit Root Test (e.g., ADF test) is used to determine: