कथन (A): पर्यावरण के अनुकूल नीतियां पर्यावरण को नुकसान नहीं पहुंचाती हैं और न ही प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का ह्रास करती हैं। कारण (R): सतत विकास मानव समाज के कल्याण के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है।

Which of the following statements are NOT true in relation to methods of environmental valuation? a) Contingent valuation method is one of the methods of environmental valuation. b) Contingent valuation method is a direct method of environmental valuation. c) Contingent valuation method is an indirect method of environmental valuation. d) Travel cost method is a direct method of environmental valuation.

Given below are two statements, one labeled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R): Assertion (A): According to Hardin's 'Tragedy of the Commons' model, open-access resources are overexploited by the public. Reason (R): In the case of open-access resource usage, marginal private benefit exceeds marginal private cost. In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: