कथन (A): केन्स के उपभोग फलन C = C̄ + cYd में, आय बढ़ने पर औसत उपभोग प्रवृत्ति (APC) घटती है। कारण (R): APC = C̄Yd + c है। चूंकि C̄ एक धनात्मक स्थिरांक है, Yd बढ़ने पर अनुपात C̄Yd गिरता है, जिससे APC घटकर c (MPC) की ओर झुकता है।

Match the consumption theories in Column I with their key distinguishing features in Column II: Column I (Theory) (P) Absolute Income Hypothesis (Keynes) (Q) Permanent Income Hypothesis (Friedman) (R) Life-Cycle Hypothesis (Modigliani) (S) Relative Income Hypothesis (Duesenberry) Column II (Feature) (1) Non-proportional short-run consumption; APC > MPC (2) C = kYp; APC = MPC in long run (3) Consumption smoothing over lifetime; APC > 1 in early & late life (4) Ratchet / Demonstration effect; past peak income matters

Match the consumption theories/hypotheses in List-I with their corresponding economists in List-II: List-I: (a) Future lifetime incomes are projected on the basis of current income and wealth. (b) Real consumption expenditures are a stable function of real income. (c) Expectations of future income are generated by a moving average of past income. (d) The consumption-income ratio of a person depends not only on his own income but also on his position in the income distribution scale. List-II: (i) Modigliani (ii) Keynes (iii) Friedman (iv) Duesenberry Select the correct code: