कथन (A): आनुपातिक आयकर को इसके प्रभावी प्रभाव में प्रगतिशील बनाया जा सकता है यदि कम आय वाले परिवारों को सरकार से बड़ा एकमुश्त हस्तांतरण प्राप्त होता है। कारण (R): प्रगतिशीलता केवल वैधानिक कर दर अनुसूची द्वारा निर्धारित की जाती है, न कि परिवारों के शुद्ध राजकोषीय व्यवहार से। सही कोड का चयन कीजिए:

The exclusion principle is NOT applicable to which of the following goods?

Given below are two statements: Statement I: The Coase Theorem states that in the presence of externalities, efficient outcomes are achievable through private bargaining between affected parties, regardless of the initial assignment of property rights, as long as property rights are well-defined and transaction costs are zero. Statement II: The Coase Theorem implies that government intervention (e.g., Pigouvian taxes) is always unnecessary for correcting externalities, even when transaction costs are positive. Choose the correct answer: