कतरनी बल (shear force) के अधीन एक वृत्ताकार खंड (circular section) के लिए अधिकतम कतरनी प्रतिबल (maximum shear stress) का औसत कतरनी प्रतिबल (average shear stress) से अनुपात क्या होता है?

Mohr's circle reduces to a point when an element is subjected to:

A steel column pinned at both ends has an Euler buckling load of 250 kN. If the column is restrained against lateral movement at its mid-height, its new buckling load will be:

What is the angle between the principal strain axis and the maximum shear strain axis in 2D strain analysis?