कंपनी अधिनियम, 2013 के अनुसार बताएं कि निम्नलिखित कथन सत्य हैं या असत्य: 1. अंशों द्वारा सीमित कंपनी अशोधनीय पूर्वाधिकार शेयर (Irredeemable preference shares) जारी कर सकती है। 2. धारा 54 (स्वेट इक्विटी) के प्रावधानों को छोड़कर, कोई कंपनी बट्टे (Discount) पर शेयर जारी नहीं कर सकती (धारा 53)।

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: The Memorandum of Association (MOA) details the internal management and administrative aspects of a company. Reason R: The Memorandum of Association (MOA) is the foundational charter that outlines a company's external boundaries through specific clauses, including Name, Registered Office, Object, Liability, and Capital. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: Promoters are the individuals or entities responsible for taking the initial steps to identify a business opportunity and execute the formal incorporation of a company. Reason R: Promoters are legally required to issue the Certificate of Incorporation (COI) to officially recognize the company's existence. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: