ओजोन क्षरण क्षमता (Ozone depleting potential - ODP) को निम्नलिखित में से किस गैस के संदर्भ में मापा जाता है?

Prolonged exposure to extreme cold temperatures may result in tissue damage known as frostbite, which is categorized as a:

In the context of ecosystem energy dynamics, which of the following expressions correctly defines Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?